The number of deliberate, illegal oil discharges from ships annually observed by national surveillance planes, as well as satellites over the Baltic Sea area has decreased by more than 10% over the past year, and by more than 55% since 1999, according to a study by the
Helsinki Commission (HELCOM).
According to the national annual reports provided by the Member States to HELCOM, 210 illicit oil spills were detected during a total of 4,603 hours of surveillance flights conducted by the coastal countries over the Baltic Sea during 2008, compared to 238 discharges during a total of 3,969 air patrol hours in 2007, and 236 discharges observed during 5,128 air patrol hours in 2006.This is one of the lowest numbers since 1999, when 488 discharges were detected during 4,883 air patrol hours.
"The number and size of detected oil spillages in the Baltic Sea has been decreasing over the past years, even though the density of shipping has rapidly grown and the aerial surveillance activity in the countries has been substantially improved," said
Monika Stankiewicz, HELCOM's Maritime and Response Professional Secretary.
"We attribute this to the success of the complex set of measures known as the Baltic Strategy to prevent illegal discharges of oil and waste into the sea which the HELCOM countries have been implementing since the 1990s."
Deliberate oil discharges from ships have been regularly observed during surveillance flights over the Baltic Sea since 1988. One of the peak years was 1989, when 763 spills were detected during 3,491 flight hours. Since 1999 the number of discharges has been steadily decreasing.
In 2008, most of the illegal oil discharges were detected along major shipping routes. 182 (87%) of the oil discharges detected in 2008 were smaller than one cubic metre, and of these oil spills as much as 148 were even smaller than 0.1 cubic metre or 100 litres. No confirmed oil spill was over 10 cubic metres in size and the total estimated volume of oil spills observed in 2008 amounted to 64 cubic metres. In 2007, there were four discharges of over 10 cubic metres, and the total estimated volume of oil spills amounted to 125.4 cubic metres.
In the vast majority of cases of detected illegal discharges polluters remain unknown. In 2008, out of the total number of confirmed illegal discharges as much as in 21 cases (10%) the polluters were identified, which is 14 more than in 2007.
Regular aerial surveillance flights have contributed significantly to the decrease in discharges, as ships are aware that their illicit polluting activities can be detected. The HELCOM aerial surveillance fleet today consists of more than 25 airplanes and helicopters, many of which are equipped with remote sensing equipment such as side-looking airborne radar (SLAR), infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) cameras, photo and video equipment.
HELCOM also uses satellite surveillance to detect illegal polluters. Satellite images are provided by the
CleanSeaNet (CSN) satellite service of the European Maritime Safety Agency. In 2008, 608 satellite images were delivered to the Baltic Sea countries, indicating 413 possible oil slicks, of which 46 were eventually confirmed as being oil. Satellite images can indicate "candidates" for oil spills at sea, which can be further on verified on location by a vessel or aircraft.
Both aerial and satellite surveillance have contributed to the enforcement of the Baltic Strategy. The main objectives of the Strategy, which was operationalized by the HELCOM Ministerial Meeting in 1998, are to ensure ships' compliance with global and regional discharge regulations, and to eliminate illegal discharges into the sea of all wastes from all ships, and thus prevent pollution of the Baltic Sea. Another objective is to ensure the environmentally sound treatment of ship-generated wastes when these wastes have been delivered to port reception facilities ashore.
A blanket ban today covers all discharges into the Baltic Sea of oil or diluted mixtures containing oil in any form, including crude oil, fuel oil, oil sludge, or refined products. This prohibition stems from the international designation of the Baltic Sea as a "special area" under the
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78).
To uphold this prohibition, HELCOM requires all ships, with a few exceptions, to deliver all such oily wastes to reception facilities before leaving port. To further encourage delivery, the countries bordering the Baltic Sea have agreed that ships should not be charged for using such reception facilities, under the "no-special-fee" system. Costs are instead recovered from general harbour fees or general environmental fees.
"The increased amounts of wastes now being delivered to the Baltic Sea ports illustrate that more and more ships are delivering their oily wastes to port reception facilities rather than illegally discharging them into the Baltic Sea," HELCOM said.
